In 1996, Prime Minister Sir Julius Chan hired Sandline International, a private military company previously involved in supplying mercenaries in the civil war in Sierra Leone, to put down the rebellion. The Autonomous Region of Bougainville, a chain of islands that lie 959 kilometres northwest of Papua New Guinea’s capital, Port Moresby, has voted unequivocally for independence. In 2011, the region had an estimated population of 250,000 people. 1921 Australia wins a League of Nations mandate over what is now Papua New Guinea, including Bougainville. Bougainville Referendum Commission Chairman Bertie Ahern (C) signs the referendum announcement in Bougainville on December 11, 2019. The population of the province is approximately 300,000 (2019 census), which includes islets such as the Carterets. [18] The first fully commercial plantation was established in 1908, but German annexation had little economic impact. During the colonial period the region was occupied and administered by the Germans, Australians, Japanese, and Americans for various periods. They will have to be ready to discuss the independence agenda. Bougainville (/ˈboʊɡənvɪl/ BOH-gən-vil;[3] Tok Pisin: Bogenvil[4][5]), officially the Autonomous Region of Bougainville,[6] is an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea. Since then, the colonial heritage has continued to grow. [citation needed], A small percentage of the region's economy is from mining. A man casts his ballot as he takes part in a non-binding independence referendum in Kunua Community, Bougainville, Jeremy Miller/Bougainville Referendum Commission/Handout via REUTERS, US to require negative COVID-19 test from UK travelers, Former papal palace offers shelter and hope to Rome's homeless, Christmas Eve concert held in Paris' fire-wrecked Notre Dame. Bougainville has been inhabited by humans for at least 29,000 years. Bougainville could become the 194th member of the United Nations as well as the "youngest" country in the world, since the independence of South Sudan in 2011. The region includes several Polynesian outliers where Polynesian languages are spoken. Then in 1975, leaving the remit of Australia, Bougainville became a province of Papua New Guinea with an autonomous government. Understand . The Allied counter-invasion resulted in heavy casualties, beginning in 1943, with full control of the islands not re-established until 1945. Irwin, H. (1980). And, if the poll goes as expected, Bougainville could become the world’s next country. Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Women in tribal colours attend a Bougainville reconciliation ceremony in November An island group that’s part of Papua New Guinea is about to vote on independence. [19], The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force occupied Bougainville in December 1914, as part of the Australian occupation of German New Guinea. He has called on all parties to ensure that the follow-up will be "inclusive and constructive". The region's biodiversity, which is one of the most important in Oceania, is heavily threatened by mining activities. They just voted 97.7% to vote in favour of independence. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles established the former colony as a League of Nations mandate, administered by Australia as the Territory of New Guinea. [34] There are many indigenous languages in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, belonging to three language families. Canberra – and Beijing – are watching intently. They just voted 97.7% to vote in favour of independence. In 1988, the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) increased their activity significantly. The first one lies in negotiating between the governments of the autonomous region and that of Papua New Guinea. Bannoni and Torau are Austronesian languages not closely related to the former, which are spoken in the coastal areas of central and south Bougainville. It is an island with vast untapped potential for tourism with magnificently rugged, jungled terrain and amazing coral reefs offshore. The ballot went without any noteworthy incident, according to Bougainville Referendum Commission. Bougainville is about to open negotiations with Papua New Guinea following the overwhelming vote in favour of independence in a referendum late last year. [16] The initial boundary between the two territories was much more southerly, with Choiseul Island, Santa Isabel Island, Ontong Java, the Shortland Islands, and part of the Florida Islands included in the German section. In the forground is Arawa Town Market. Conflict over the Panguna mine became the primary trigger for the Bougainville Civil War (1988–1998), which resulted in the deaths of up to 20,000 people. After the war the Australian government incorporated Bougainville and the rest of the mandate into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, the immediate predecessor of present-day Papua New Guinea. On 25 July 2005 rebel leader Francis Ona died after a short illness. A peace agreement resulted in the creation of the Autonomous Bougainville Government. The PNGDF retreated from permanent positions on Bougainville in 1990, but continued military action. It is an island with vast untapped potential for tourism with magnificently rugged, jungled terrain and amazing coral reefs offshore. Out of the 180,000 people who made it to the polls between November 23rd and December, 7th, 2019, they were more than 176,000 Bougainvilleans expressing the wish to leave Papua New Guinea. [47] Notable boxers from the region include Commonwealth Boxing Council titleholder Johnny Aba and Pacific Games gold medalist Thadius Katua. Pacific Island Referendum Could Give the World a Tiny New Country By . [43], During the 1970s and 1980s, teams from Bougainville played against other regions in the PNG national championships for Australian rules football,[44] cricket,[45] and field hockey. Bougainvillean separatism dates to the 1960s, and the Republic of North Solomons was declared shortly before the independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975; it was subsumed into Papua New Guinea the following year. The administrative capital is Buka. And, if the poll goes as expected, Bougainville could become the world’s next country. The two largest islands are Bougainville Island and Buka Island. The Buka Passage divides Buka from Bougainville Island. The largest island is Bougainville Island, while the region also includes Buka Island and a number of outlying islands and atolls. [29] The referendum question was a choice between greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea, or full independence. The … For census purposes, the LLGAs are subdivided into wards, and those into census units.[33]. The Sandline affair was a controversial incident that resulted from use of these mercenary troops. The island and province Bougainville is part of Papua New Guinea and is the largest of the Solomon Islands group. Understand []. [39] A number of Bougainvilleans have played for the Papua New Guinea national rugby league team, including Bernard Wakatsi, Joe Katsi, Lauta Atoi, and Chris Siriosi. The Bougainville conflict ended in 1997, after negotiations brokered by New Zealand. Historically the region was known as the North Solomons. The Bougainville Government is about to start repossessing government assets in Arawa as it strives to restore services in the autonomous Papua New Guinea region. People line up to vote in a referendum on Bougainville's independence from Papua New Guinea, in the region's interim capital of Buka Town, on Nov. 25. [citation needed] Bougainville's constitution, written in English, does not specify an official language, but calls for constitutional literature to be translated into Tok Pisin and as many local languages as possible, while also encouraging the "development, preservation, and enrichment of all Bougainville languages". [42] Historically the Bougainville Soccer Association came into conflict with the Papua New Guinea Football Association over various matters. On the second biggest island of the archipelago, Buka, referendum commission chairman and former Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern revealed the results. Citizens of Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, overwhelmingly voted for independence on Dec. 11, which means it may become the world’s newest country, CNN reported. Mining activities have caused civil unrest in the region many[quantify] times.[when?] In New York, UN General Secretary Antonio Guterres applauded the "successful organisation of the referendum" and praised authorities and the electorate "for their dedication and peaceful behaving throughout the process". Jason Scott , November 20, 2019, 4:00 PM EST Papua New Guinea province to … Other Austronesian languages include Nehan, Petats, Solos, Saposa (Taiof), Hahon and Tinputz, all spoken in the northern quarter of Bougainville, Buka and surrounding islands. The islands’ history includes colonial exploitation, attempts at independence, […] [10], The first inhabitants of Bougainville were Australo-Melanesians who presumably arrived from the Bismarck Archipelago. A peace agreement was completed in 2000 and, together with disarmament, provided for the establishment of an Autonomous Bougainville Government. Buka, capital of Bougainville (Photo: Annmaree O'Keeffe) Published 9 Oct 2019 06:00 0 Comments Bougainville ; Papua New Guinea ... With 40% of Bougainville’s population under age 15, education is likely to be a top priority for the new country, which would need to consider how to deal with the reality that it only has seven lower secondary schools and four upper secondary schools. He died in office on 6 June 2008. Papua New Guinea gained its independence from Australia in 1975. The majority of people on Bougainville are Christian, an estimated 70% being Roman Catholic and a substantial minority being of the Protestant United Church of Papua New Guinea since 1968. Geographically, Bougainville is the largest of the Solomon Islands, located near the northern end of that chain.Bougainville is 75 miles (120 km) long and 40–60 miles (65–95 km) wide. However, many elected officials are fiercely opposed to this independence, fearing a contagion effect across a country composed of several hundred ethnic groups. Prime Minister Sir Rabbie Namaliu ordered the Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF) to put down the rebellion, and the conflict escalated into a civil war. The lingua franca of Bougainville is Tok Pisin, while a variety of Austronesian and non-Austronesian languages are also spoken. A former surveyor with Bougainville Copper, Ona was a key figure in the secessionist conflict and had refused to formally join the island's peace process. On Saturday, a new chapter will be written, when 207,000 people begin voting on whether they want greater autonomy or independence. In 1768, French admiral Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed along the east coast of the island that now bears his name. Together they make up the Papua New Guinean province of that name. Avec l'île Buka au nord et d'autres petites îles environnantes, elle constitue la province Bougainville, rattachée à la région des Îles. Then, if successful, the ratification by the Papuan Parliament in Port Moresby, the capital of the country, can occur. The islands’ history includes colonial exploitation, attempts at independence, a nine-year war and a gradual peace process. [11] Around 3,000 years ago, Austronesian peoples brought the Lapita culture to the islands,[12] introducing pottery, agriculture, and domesticated animals such as pigs, dogs, and chickens. Geographically the islands of Bougainville and Buka are part of the Solomon Islands archipelago, but are politically separate from the independent country of Solomon Islands. Bougainville , officially the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, is an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea. The law also established "My Bougainville" as the region's anthem. Originally from Bougainville, Musingku started U-Vistract in Papua New Guinea's capital Port Moresby in the late 1990s, promising investors 100 per cent interest per month. The island owes its name to the French navigator Louis-Antoine Bougainville (1729-1811) who explored it in 1768. [41] Previously, a team from Bougainville won the national soccer championships in 1977, defeating Rabaul. Independence referendum to be held in Papua New Guinea province of Bougainville Off the coast of Queensland, a historic vote is taking place that could lead to the formation of a new nation. [9] Until about 10,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum, there was a single island referred to as "Greater Bougainville" that spanned from the northern tip of Buka Island to the Nggela Islands north of Guadalcanal. [13] Both Austronesian and non-Austronesian languages are spoken on the islands to this day, however there has been significant mixing between the populations to the point that cultural and genetic differences are no longer correlated with language. Bougainville est une île de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, l'une des plus grandes des îles Salomon dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Pacifique. Decades after the region's bloody civil conflict, the people of Bougainville will today start casting their votes in a referendum on whether they should seek independence from Papua New Guinea. [35], The Papuan languages are confined to the main island of Bougainville. November 10, 2020 An Altamar podcast interview with Shane McLeod Research Fellow of The Lowy Institute’s Australia-PNG Network People queue to vote at a polling station in the capital city Buka, Bougainville, in a historical independence vote on November 25, 2019. Bougainville is the largest island of the Solomon Islands archipelago, and an autonomous island region within Papua New Guinea.. The region won the 2017 National Boxing Championships, which were hosted in Arawa. The majority of economic growth comes from agriculture and aquaculture. L'ensemble de ces îles fait partie des îles Salomon contrairement au reste du pays qui s'étend sur l'archipel Bismarck et la Nouvelle-Guinée. The Bougainville Civil War, also known as the Bougainville conflict, was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) between PNG and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), and between the BRA and other armed groups on Bougainville. [30][31], Ishmael Toroama, a former rebel leader, was elected president of Bougainville on September 23, 2020. British naval officer Philip Carteret saw Buka Island in 1767 and also visited what became the Carteret Islands. Bougainville has played in the National Soccer League since 2019, although it is based in Port Moresby rather than in Bougainville itself. "Now, we feel liberated, psychologically at least", President of the autonomous region John Momis said. After interim elections to fill the remainder of his term, John Momis was elected as president in 2010 for a five-year term. The name of the region originates from French admiral Louis Antoine de Bougainville,[8] who reached it in 1768. On the nearby Takuu Atoll a Polynesian language is spoken, Takuu. Bougainville is the largest island of the Solomon Islands archipelago, and an autonomous island region within Papua New Guinea. In 1942, Bougainville was invaded by the Japanese in order to provide a support base for the operations elsewhere in the South-West Pacific. These include Rotokas, a language with a very small inventory of phonemes, Eivo, Terei, Keriaka, Nasioi (Kieta), Nagovisi, Siwai (Motuna), Baitsi (sometimes considered a dialect of Siwai), Uisai and several others. Could Bougainville be the world's newest country? Port Moresby will quickly have to digest the result. In late 2019, a non-binding independence referendum was held with 98.31% voting for independence rather than continued autonomy within Papua New Guinea. The colonial period saw significant changes in the culture of the islanders.[21]. Bougainville: The World’s Next Country? The parties agreed to have a referendum in the future on whether the island should become politically independent.[24]. Ahern urged all parties to validate the outcome of the consultation. The largest island is Bougainville Island, while the region also includes Buka Island and a number of outlying islands and atolls. Bougainville, formerly an Australian colonial territory, has had a fractious relationship with Papua New Guinea since joining the country in 1976. The war claimed an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 lives.[22][23]. In 2015 Australia announced it would establish a diplomatic post in Bougainville for the first time. [40], F.C. Its capital is Arawa. Bougainville Explained: How the world’s newest country might bloom out of protests against a copper mine The conflict in Bougainville and the desire of Bougainvillean people for independence is rooted in the historic plunder of the resource-rich island that has large deposits of copper and the unequal distribution of wealth that followed. None of the languages are spoken by more than 20% of the population, and the larger languages such as Nasioi, Korokoro Motuna, Telei, and Halia are split into dialects that are not always mutually intelligible. Bougainville, a small island belonging to Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific, has taken a major decision. Bougainville votes on independence from Papua New Guinea. Such a massive vote has no issue than making it inevitable. Only 3,000 were in favour of a bigger self-governance. Within the country, your best bet is New Guinean national carrier Air Niugini (sound it out), which flies to Buka. For general communication most Bougainvilleans use Tok Pisin as a lingua franca, and at least in the coastal areas Tok Pisin is often learned by children in a bilingual environment. [25] In 2016, it cancelled those plans acknowledging that it had not obtained the PNG government's approval.[26]. The interim capital is Buka, though it is expected that major government services and buildings will be moved to Arawa, following reconstruction. Activists proclaimed the independence of Bougainville (Republic of North Solomons) in 1975 and in 1990, but both times government forces suppressed the separatists. [15] A German protectorate over the northern islands was established later that year, but the British Solomon Islands Protectorate was not established until 1893. A Central Bougainville leader and landowner, Theresa Jaintong, wants the capital of a future independent state of Bougainville to return to Kieta. After a short German control between March 1942 and November 1943, Bougainville was placed by the United Nations under Australian guardianship in 1947. Arawa, Bougainville Island Photo : Arawa Town the capital of Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. 1768 French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville is the first European to reach the island.. 1886 and 1898 Anglo-German accords see Bougainville, ethnically and geographically part of the Solomons, become part of German New Guinea. Both the flag and emblem feature stylised depictions of the upe, a traditional headdress worn by men in parts of Bougainville to symbolise their transition to adulthood. [14], The first Europeans to sight present-day Bougainville were the Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire, who glimpsed Takuu Atoll and Nissan Island in 1616. The languages of the north-central and southern lobes of the island belong to the North and South Bougainville families. Bougainville Island (which is slightly larger than Cyprus in terms of area) and the smaller Buka Island that is adjacent to it, and that has the capital which bears the same name, is located in the northern part of the Solomon Islands archipelago in the southern Pacific, and is part of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the largest state in Oceania. 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